Role Play

Reflection Paper Counseling Session Role Play Between Kristen (student/client) and Tiffany Ellison (Therapist) Tiffany Ellison Barry University Identifying health risk behavior My client Kristen came in for a follow-up session to focus on codependency issues, feeling overwhelmed with her mother, and not having time to focus on her. Kristen seems to be focusing all of her time on her mother and less time to herself. Kristen is aware that she is not strong enough to deal with overwhelming situations and realizes she needs to be focusing more on herself instead of trying to prove her strengths to everyone else.Kristen has many obligations to her mother; however in reality, she is giving an excessive amount of responsibility, commitment, and worries for another person, when she needs to be more focused on herself and her strengths. Kristen understands everything that a codependent person does is done to further establish self pitying thoughts of overdoing and of being taken advantage of and for granted. Kristen is also showing signs of intense emotional feelings and is completely overcome in mind and emotion and feels ill-equipped to cope with her stressors. Level of competence demonstratedThroughout the session, as the therapist I felt confident that I would be able to grasp the real true related issues that were affecting her life. I expressed empathy towards the client, by listening to her expressed thoughts and feelings while communicating back to her a desire that I can understand the client’s perspective completely. I also felt the need to express my feelings on her mother; however I did not do so and immediately reflected critical motivational interviewing skills by avoidance of arguing with the client about their need for her to change, by not answering the phone when her mother needs her at any given moment.Through this session I supported self-efficacy by helping the client believe in oneself and become confident that they can carry out the changes the client has chosen to pursue. At this point, in the session, it was very important to me to summarize the important components and how they collaborate with one another. My strong asset as a therapist is that I try to grasp a hold of one of the major issues discussed in the therapy session, and help the client elaborate more in detail, so I may then get a better understanding on each individual issue as it comes along.My client has a lot going on in her life at the moment, and by grasping onto one of her strengths out of her whole story she can reflect on, seemed to make her laugh and smile. Through out this part of the session, I could then have a better trusting relationship with the client by evoking the client’s views. Assessing client readiness Throughout this critical time during our session, I knew at a point that I was able to determine weather my client was ready for change.This point was determined when the client stated Client: â€Å"I enjoy salsa lessons; ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s a stress reliever for me† Therapist: â€Å"What can you do to get yourself more involved with things that you enjoy†? Client: â€Å"I could research for when they are having one†. Therapist: â€Å"Yes, you could† Client: â€Å"I can do that†. Therapist: â€Å"do you think that will help†? Client: â€Å"yes, I love to dance†. During this time, my client seemed honest in her exploration to research on what makes her happy. She was very eager and motivated to learn about the different options that she might have, to give time for herself. The stages of change have inspired instruments for assessing readiness to change or a client’s motivational change state. Depending on the level of readiness-or change stage- different motivational intervention strategies will be more or less effective† (Cox et al. , 2002). â€Å"Your clients must value a treatment goal to progress toward it. In fact, unless clients value them, the y are not goals from the clients’ perspectives† (Rollnick & Moyers, 2006). From a motivational standpoint, one should understand what the clients’ goals are and what they value in life.I was able to pinpoint this by acknowledging her strengths and how could the client research the area for any socializing events particular to her interests. Identifying Change Talk As discussed by Rollnick and Miller (2009), motivational interviewing is directed toward particular behavior change goals. A primary process in motivational interviewing is to help clients resolve ambivalence by evoking their own intrinsic motivations for change. When MI is done well, the client rather than the counselor voices the arguments for change.Throughout MI, particular attention is given to the client â€Å"change talk† which includes verbalizations that signify desire, ability, reasons, need, or commitment to change (Miller and Moyers, 2006). An example used to evoke change talk during the session was very direct: Client: â€Å"Should I not answer the phone every time that my mother calls me? Therapist: â€Å"What do you think you should do? † Client: â€Å"Probably, it might give me some quiet time†. Throughout this conversion, as the therapist, I responded with reflective statements, which summarized the change talk statements the client made.During this process, it was very important to me to understand that I acknowledged her ambivalence, but tried to reinforce the change talk. The point here is that when people talk or ask about what they think they should do, they are more likely to answer the questions themselves, which at that point initiates change talk. Identifying treatment approaches During my time in this session, I have identified many treatment options for this client. This client needs to continue more one-on-one individual therapy sessions, but also initializing journaling to be completed at home.With this specific homework assignme nt, I wanted her to express her feelings on paper by keeping a journal. During the session, speaking about a journal really seemed to make her laugh and smile. The purpose of this assignment is to make time for her; by identifying that she has a lot going on in her life and by putting aside a little extra time to reflect on her in writing, I feel would help make her aware of the feelings that seem to be so overwhelming. Another treatment approach I could identify is making a commitment to look into a women’s support group in her area.Not only will this give her time to reflect on herself, but also will help empower her to live a fulfilling and purposeful life of self-love. This will also give her a chance to socialize, and network. I feel as if the client will benefit from this experience overtime if the commitment is there. â€Å"Components of intrinsic motivation for change include both the client’s perception of the importance of change as well as his or her confid ence that change can be achieved† (Miller and Rollnick, 2009). References Cox, W. M. Klinger, E. ; and Blount, J. P. Alcohol use and goal hierarchies: Systematic motivational counseling for alcoholics. In: Miller, W. R. , and Rollnick, S. , eds. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People To Change Addictive Behaviors. New York: Guilford Press, 1993. pp. 260-271 Miller, W. R. and Rollnick, S. (2009). Ten things that motivational interviewing is not. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 129-140. Miller, W. R. , & Moyers, T. B. (2006). Eight stages in learning motivational interviewing. 5, 3-17.

Premature Death From Poor Nutrition Health And Social Care Essay

Healthful dietetic wonts incorporate a scope of qualities, including: fiber and fatty acid content ; glycemic burden ; sodium-potassium ratios ; micronutrient denseness ; macronutrient composing and acid-base balance ( Prentice & A ; Jebb, 2003 ) . However, this paper will concentrate on one of the most generic and dramatic deductions of hapless diet: adiposeness. In the UK, gyrating fleshiness rates have been deemed of epidemic proportions, with one analysis proposing 60 % of the grownup population could be obese by 2050 ( Foresight, 2007 ) . In add-on to the degree of human wretchedness such figures represent, the projected fiscal load is significant ; a possible ?10 billion one-year cost for the NHS ( McPherson et al. , 2007 ) and ?49.9 billion for the UK economic system ( McCormack & A ; Stone, 2007 ) . As a ‘system ‘ , the determiners of fleshiness are embedded in biological and societal models of considerable complexness, intending any sustainable response must be c omprehensive and well-considered. This paper considers two challenges presently confronting wellness psychological science in its enterprise to heighten the state ‘s dietetic quality: our ‘obesogenic ‘ society and the grasp of incorporate remedial schemes.â€Å" An Obesogenic Society †In 2007, the psychologist Susan Jebb famously ( and provokingly ) declared that such is the construction of modern life styles, it is less surprising that so many persons are overweight, than that so many manage to stay thin. Fleshiness, she concluded, was an inevitable result of a civilization in which sedentary work, inexpensive energy-dense nutrient, mechanised conveyance and labour-saving devices were omnipresent. The belief that fleshiness is a consequence of private over-indulgence is a prevailing one, and has formed the footing of a scope of enterprises aimed at educating and actuating single behavior alteration ( e.g. , Bathrellou et al. , 2010 ; Murawski et al. , 2009 ; NHS, 2009 ) . However, despite decennaries of dietetic counsel there has been merely minimum betterment in footings of meeting recommended energy and alimentary ingestion ( Krebs-Smith et al. , 2010 ) , whereas healthy eating intercessions derived from psychological rules and behavioral alteration theoretical accounts have non proven peculiarly effectual for bring oning lasting and meaningful alteration ( e.g. , Shepherd et al. , 2006 ; Lytle, 2009 ; Procter et al. , 2008 ) . It would hence look that exhortations for greater single self-denial and duty – so, engaging war on healthy feeding ( and fleshiness ) as â€Å" a moral undertaking † ( Thosby, 2009, p.201 ) – does non look to be sufficient for configuring better dietetic wonts. Therefore one important challenge for wellness psychological science appears to lie in advancing healthful nutrient consumption in an environment which, through its conditions and chances, is structured to advance fleshiness ( Lake & A ; Townshend, 2006 ) . Possible campaigners in this case include obesogenic advertisement and selling patterns ( Lobstein & A ; Dibb, 2005 ) ; arrangement and exposure of fast-food mercantile establishments ( Hemphill et al. , 2008 ) ; the prevalence of low-cost, energy-dense nutrient compared to the comparative disbursal of fruit and veggies ( Jones, 2008 ) ; and post- and pre-natal conditions, such as suited maternal nutrition, breast-feeding, healthy ablactation patterns, which are associated with decreased hazard of grownup adiposeness ( Barker, 2007 ; Skidmore et al. , 2009 ; Singhal & A ; Lanigan, 2008 ) . Planned publicity of healthful eating therefore requires both an apprehension of these structural correlatives, and a transportation of attendi ng from stray individual-level enterprises to the environmental determiners of weight-related nutrient pick and eating behavior. For illustration, the ANGELO model ( Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity ; Swinburn et al. , 1999 ) is a conceptual theoretical account for defining obesogenicity, and prioritizing cardinal elements for research and intercession ( e.g. , sociocultural, physical, political, economic ) at both the population degree ( community-wide ) or the setting degree ( fast-food mercantile establishments ) . Similarly, Lytle ( 2009 ) advocates psychometric appraisal of the ‘food environment ‘ within workplaces, schools and communities in order to place features that are either ‘leptogenic ‘ ( advancing meagerness ) or obesogenic. Such flexible, robust steps of micro-physical and sociocultural influences are a important facet of incorporating the personal and environmental correlatives of obesogenic nutrient ingestion, and explicating suited entree points for intercession ( Brug et al. , 2006 ) . As stated antecedently, individualistic prescriptions to anneal nutrient consumption against energy outgo have non succeeded at the population degree. Policies to reenforce and enable healthy behavior may hence be most efficaciously implemented at multiple degrees. In the instance of breastfeeding, this might include single enterprises ( e.g. , peer-support groups ; Hoddinott et al. , 2009 ) ; local degree schemes ( e.g. , hospital policies for back uping and educating female parents ; Hannula, 2008 ) ; and national intercessions ( e.g. , entitlement to suckle in public ; Cattaneo et al. , 2005 ) . Similarly, psychologists must complement targeted intervention intercessions ( e.g. , initiatives to promote/sustain weight-loss ) with population-level preventive steps ( e.g. , curtailing exposure to obesogenic diets ) . In add-on, intercessions that impact at assorted degrees, but to a cumulative and changing extent, may besides be good ( Foresight, 2007 ) . For illustration, supplying alimentary school repasts ( a focused enterprise ) can be augmented by educative schemes to heighten cognition and consciousness of healthful diet ( an enabler ) , hence supplying coherent, dependable wellness messages ( an amplifier ) . Public wellness runs that are supported and maintained by such environmental alterations may besides assist debar unhealthy dietetic wonts from reoccurring ( Maio et al. , 2007 ) .Integrated SchemesAmending the state ‘s dietetic imposts creates complicated dilemmas associating to economic and societal policies in nutrient production and retail, instruction, health care and even civilization itself ( Foresight, 2007 ; Ogilvie & A ; Hamlet, 2005 ) . As such, a system-wide attack is required which incorporates an inclusive, complementary repertory of intercessions ; something that will be facilitated by greater coaction between psychologists and other stakeholders ( Jebb et al. , 2007 ) . At present, there are deficient schemes for heightening pu blic nutrition that are concerted, integrated and engage multiple bureaus ( Lang & A ; Rayner, 2007 ; Martin-Bautista et al. , 2009 ; Matthews et al. , 2009 ) . Yet such is the complexness of the issue, that implementing and prolonging meaningful betterment will about surely necessitate joint-working between scientists, the nutrient industry, policy shapers, the media and local communities. An of import principle for non marginalising multi-disciplinary attacks is that the multiple determiners of hapless diet do non back up the usage of stray, disconnected redress schemes to bring on widespread alteration. For illustration, ingestion of unsanitary diets has been partially ‘normalised ‘ through factors like cheaper nutrient ( which can increase how much is eaten ) , greater pick, a heightened desire for convenience nutrient, and the usage of energy-dense repasts as short-run comfort/reward ( Wardle, 2007 ) . Furthermore, ambivalency is a cardinal factor in unsanitary feeding ( i.e. , disagreement between the desire for toothsome, high-fat nutrients and the want to be healthy and/or tilt ) , intending that single duty and decision-making in response to wellness messages can be compromised ( Jones, 2008 ) . Taken together, this suggests that a consistent, coordinated response between different stakeholders may assist relocate the accent on behaviour alteration as a corporate concern, by aiming scenes in which single behavior is enacted. An incorporate scheme for bettering diet might include engaged, strategic and multidisciplinary partnerships between psychologists, wellness professionals, authorities representatives and consumer groups in order to ease efficient transportation of evidence-based intercessions to real-world applications ( NICE, 2006 ) . Collaboration can be seen as â€Å" the coming together of diverse involvements and people to accomplish a common intent via interactionsaˆÂ ¦and coordination of activities † ( Jassawalla & A ; Sashittal, 1998, p.239 ) , and is an of import necessity for intermixing scientific discipline and policy through enhanced information-sharing, specifying shared visions of jobs and precedences, formulating/disseminating dietetic enterprises utilizing accessible methods and appropriate stuffs for practician demands, and planing meaningful research inquiries. This is peculiarly pertinent given that dietetic sweetening presents a figure of importunate methodological c hallenges, for illustration: accurate appraisal of determiners and correlatives ; the demand for suited definitions ; the relevancy of longitudinal, population-based surveies ; and the function of human behavior, beliefs and values, and how these mechanisms instigate and maintain alteration. These elaboratenesss mean divergency and incompatibility can originate between psychologists seeking to polish and revise theories, and the more immediate, practical demand of practicians seeking information on which to develop intercessions. Bettering assurance and communicating between psychologists and other bureaus may therefore assist prudent planning, execution, and rating. For illustration, psychological analysis has highlighted the deduction for wellness inequalities of statute law to revenue enhancement fat content of nutrient merchandises, in that it may diminish available income and inducements for healthier nutrients amongst lower socioeconomic groups ( e.g. , Caraher & A ; Cowburn, 2005 ; Powell & A ; Chaloupka, 2009 ) , whereas other research workers have assessed the impact, feasibleness, and cost-effectiveness of pecuniary inducements to modify dietetic behavior ( Wall et al. , 2006 ) . As noted by the Foresight Report ( 2007, p.122 ) â€Å" [ A co-ordinated response ] would enable maximal benefit to be realised from this important degree of energy and resources. Working in partnership with multiple stakeholders to advance the wellness of the state is critical to success. †DecisionsIt is improbable that the current prevalence of hapless nutrition ( and its attendant wellness effects ) will come to a natural terminal without sustained, long-run intercessions that invest clip and resources into set uping new patterns and constructions to back up healthful diets. One realistic chance in this enterprise is a conjunct attempt to both devolve focal point from ( I ) single self-denial towards social values and precedences and ( two ) defying patchy, short-r un intercessions that do non run in a multi-level, multi-sector mode. Establishing enhanced dietetic quality at the population-level is a complex challenge, but non an indissoluble 1. With sufficient imaginativeness, committedness, and vision, preparations and schemes to better public wellness may be continuously developed and delivered in a mode that reflects the best available pattern, policy, and wellness scientific discipline.

Psychology of Sex and Gender Essay

Discuss the claim there is a lot to gain from studying a topic in psychology from more than one perspective. Drawing on our understanding of language and meaning as well as the psychology of sex and gender. Different psychological perspectives lead to different theories providing diverse insights into the same issue i.e. language and meaning. They focus their enquiry in different ways and consequently have dissimilar objects of knowledge. Each perspective asks different questions, use different methods and data and produce therefore different theories. These perspectives can be complementary, conflicting and/or coexisting, whereby each perspective and theory provides a variety of ways of applying their findings to everyday psychological problems. By focusing on the social psychological perspective, this essay will evaluate the contribution of two central issues in psychology: language and meaning as well as the psychology of sex and gender. Social psychological perspectives emphasise the importance of investigating cognition by studying how meaning is created through participation and cultural practices and through language. The evolvement, acquisition and application of language used by humans, to express meaning and pursue goals, have been a topic of study amongst the various perspectives in psychology most notably evolutionary, cognitive and social perspectives. In researching language and the development of subsequent theories, language itself is used as a medium to investigate language. This methodological reflexivity is the source of conflict between social and cognitive perspectives on language when trying to determine to what extent, if any, the necessity of responding in language predetermines what is said. Social psychologists, more specifically discourse psychologists (i.e. Parker, 1992, as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, p. 105), claims that in using language individuals do so in a social and historic context, with an audience and for a purpose. Individuals therefore will make assumptions about the knowledge, understanding and requirements of their interlocutors in an experimental setting which is a primary method used by cognitive psychologists to study the separate cognitive and underlying thought processes language represents in communication with others or dialog with the self. The social constructionist perspective, on the other hand, uses evidence from actual language used in day-to-day communication and therefore appears to have more ecological validity. With the use of discourse analysis, they manage to describe how individuals organise their talk and use particular strategies such as the creation of subject positions or constructions of the world, to achieve particular ends. Wieder (1974 as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, pp. 104-105) illustrated the use of language to determine behaviour amongst newly released prisoners living in a hostel by employing a method called ethnomethodology (the study of how people do things) devised by Garfinkel (1967 as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, p.103). Wieder found that the language used amongst the individuals ‘The Code’ does not explain their behaviour but rather was used by them to actively construct their social world and take appropriate action within it. Social constructionists therefore base their un derstanding of language on the concept that language can be seen as a vehicle for the socially formed and the sustained meaning that operates between individuals, in groups and societies (Cooper & Kay, 2007, p. 113). Although it provides a viable explanation for the use of language, it does not explain how language evolved over time or how it is being processed individually. Evolutionary psychologists (Lorenz, 1952 as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, p. 78) offer an explanation about the evolution of language in claiming that language is an adaptive trait that has been acquired through the natural and sexual selection as well as being characterised by the ability of humans to create meanings through different ways of communication than that of other species. The complex interactive activation with competition (IAC) model devised by McClelland and Rummelhart (1981, as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, pp. 91-94) and other studies (i.e. Moss and Gaskell, 1998, as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, p. 93) is used by cognitive psychologists in formulating their perceptive that language is part of an information processing system that resides in the brain of an individual who creates meaning when hearing others s peak or when speaking themselves. The above three perspectives therefore provide an understandings of language based on their individual analysis being evolution, individual processing or social construction. Parker (1992, as cited in: Cooper & Kay, 2007, p. 105) described discourse as a set of symbolic meanings created through the use of language to construct an event or object in a particular way. This is apparent in the claim by social psychologists that individuals see the world as consisting of two basic types of people – women and men. This is partly accomplished through the social identity processes as theorised in the Social Identity Theory Tajfel (1919-82, as cited in Phoenix & Thomas, 2007, p. 62) whereby individuals develop descriptions which draw from the social group they see themselves belonging to, e.g. male or female. Individuals, according to SIT, then tend to make the most of the similarities to others in the same group (in-group) whilst minimising it with those outside the group (out-group) e.g. the notion of â€Å"opposite sex† (Hollway, Cooper, Johnston and Stevens, 2007, p. 151). Therefore Gender is one of the most important and powerful social categories by which individuals define themselves by. Bem (1981 as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p. 153) proposed in the Gender Schema Theory (GST) that femininity and masculinity are socially and culturally constructed dimensions absorbed by individuals to produce an understanding of gender to make sense of themselves and their behaviour. Social constructionists however, argue that gender is not a set of characteristics or properties acquired by an individual but rather that gender identity is constantly established and re-established by experiences, behaviours including actions on both an individual and group level resulting in ongoing throu ghout the lifespan of an individual. The study of sex and gender is therefore concerned with the complex interaction of nature and nurture in shaping similarities and differences between men and women. In studying sex and gender as a psychological fact (e.g. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007) and biological (e.g. Fitch and Denenberg, 1998 as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p. 138) perspectives, give emphasis to the contribution of nature to the experiences of individuals by examining the biological and genetic structures relating to sex. Social constructionists acknowledge these influences but look at the importance of context and culture in constructing an understanding about gender whilst the psychoanalytic perspective incorporates biological differences as well as the social and cultural meanings. The difference between these approaches is demonstrated through conflict between them in relation to the social roles of men and woman and their personal relationships and behaviour. Biological and social explanations ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ expose a fundamental conflict whereby social perspectives echo the underlying principal of psychoanalysts questioning individual group in claiming that biological explanations, and most recently evolutionary explanations (e.g. Hilary and Rose, 2000, as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p. 172), are extremely deterministic (Hollway et al, 2007, p. 171). Social constructionists explained that historical research underlines the fact that values inevitably underpin all knowledge; however, allowance should be made for new ideas incorporating change and cultural settings such as the role of women in society. Such methods used by various psychological perspectives in studying a specific psychological issue are often complimentary a s opposed to contrasting. In explaining gender social constructionists take historical and cultural situations of human beings into account focusing on the meaning-making activities of humans. In studying differences in the approach of sexual behaviour between men and woman at an American college, Clark and Hatfield (1989 as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p. 146) concluded that women who accepted dating invitations were less prone to accept invitations for private meetings, at the house of a strange in addition to the majority of women refusing such invitations for sexual intercourse. The results were the same when women were first guaranteed of the trustworthiness of the stranger thus accounting for fear of potential danger as a confounding variable (Clark, 1990, as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p. 146). Clark and Hatfield claimed from an evolutionary perspective that the results are consistent with the arguments of evolutionary psychologists about evolved optimal reproductive style through natural and sexual selection processes. The findings of Clark and Hatfield underline from a social constructionist point of view, the notion that sexual behaviour of men and women is filtered through their own individual cultural lenses. Psychoanalytical psychologists (e.g. Benjamin, 1990, 1995, 1998 as cited in: Hollway et al, 2007, p.164) argue that these external influences (e.g. through discourse and discursive practices) are over emphasised by social constructionists and therefore does not explain the capacity for resistance and change by individuals. Each perspective provides a valuable point of view however none is able to give a complete explanation of the findings of the study as each perspective is concentrating on its own theoretical ground when analysing the findings of a study. In conclusion the social perspective has provided a rich understanding of language and meaning and sex and gender. Nevertheless, the focus is only on social influences such as other people and discourses. It therefore lacks a general understanding of a whole topic. In every case other perspectives are needed to see the full picture of both, sex and gender and language and meaning. In addition of the methodology the experimental approach could be helpful to support or disprove the results which are gained from the hermeneutic approach. Overall, in terms of social influences and discourses, the social perspective has contributed to a great body of knowledge which is very important to understand all aspects of any topic. The other side of the coin is that the focus is only on social influences, the social environment and social constructions which limit a full understanding of different processes involved in the same topic, such as meaning-making of language. References Cooper, T, & Kaye, H. (2007a). Language and meaning. In T. Cooper & I. Roth (Eds.), Challenging Psychological Issues (2nd ed). Milton Keynes: The Open University Buchanan, K., Anand, P., Joffe, H. & Thomas, K. (2007). Perceiving and understanding the social world. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix & K. Thomas (Eds.), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed). Milton Keynes: The Open University Hollway, W., Cooper, T., Johnston, A. & Stevens, R., (2007a). The psychology of sex and gender. In T. Cooper & I. Roth (Eds.), Challenging Psychological Issues (2nd ed). Milton Keynes: The Open University

Whites of West Virginia term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Whites of West Virginia - Term Paper Example This crime can be explained through various criminology theories; strain theory and genetics theory are two which will be discussed in this paper. Drug possession, trafficking, and distribution are crimes which include the possession, selling, importing, or transportation of any illegal control substance. For drug possession, the offender must have physical control of the drugs. Drug trafficking can be done by an individual or a group of people but the punishment depends on various factors such as the location, type of drugs, people involved, and amount of drugs trafficked. These offenses come under criminal charges and can result in heavy levels of punishment. It is difficult to ever know clearly what the reason behind a crime being committed was. Criminology gives several theories which help in determining the reasoning of crimes. Two of those theories will be covered which the strain theory by Robert K Merton and the genetic theory which focuses on ‘nature vs. nurture’. The strain theory suggests that ‘no legitimate means, substitute illegitimate means’. The genetic theory suggests that acting criminally is in a person’s DNA, maybe because they are born in a life of crime. The reasons why individuals commit crimes in Merton’s strain theory are because they have a lack of opportunity, deviance, and a need to accomplish the ‘American Dream’ (Samaha, 2005). The causes of crime according to the biological theory of genetics are faulty genes, lack of moral development, and a limited rationality. In Merton’s strain theory, the lack of equal opportunity and no legitimate means are the major reasons for crime. Merton believed that the reason why a person is forced to commit a crime is that they don’t get equal opportunities. In order to eliminate crime, Merton believed that more equal opportunities must be provided. Practically it may be impossible to give an equal salary cap to everyone but the society must ensure

Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech Essay

Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech - Essay Example Douglass, applauds the crowd for celebrating the fourth of July, and reminds them that the nation is still young to embrace a positive change. He also acknowledges efforts of American Revolutionaries in their quest to fight for their freedom against the legal bondage under British rule. He considers anti-slavery a just, reasonable and patriotic stance for future generations to come, and not a politically affiliated cause. In the speech, signers of the Declaration of Independence are praised for their patriotic efforts to put a country’s interests above their own. However, Douglass advices and urges listeners to strive to continue the work of these great revolutionaries who brought with them democracy and freedom to their great land. On the other hand, Douglass shuns American black slavery, and condemns the pretense of Americans for being untrue to the principles, both past and present, of the founders. He retorts by saying that some people find favor in imposing slavery to others yet they cannot be in a position to be slaves themselves. Douglass considers this as a non-divine, inhumane act, which is cruel in God’s eyes. In addition, he also shuns the America ministers and churches for remaining silent and acquiescing towards existence of slavery. He notes that the church in this case is superlatively guilty in its right sense. In conclusion, Douglass is optimistic that pro-slavery forces will be eventually concurred by anti-slavery sentiments. He stresses the arrival of freedom, and the abolitionists promise to fight slavery, whatever the

The five forces analysis for Morrisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The five forces analysis for Morrisons - Essay Example This research will begin with the description of bargaining power of buyers. Buyers have fairly strong bargaining power because they have a vast range of choices.   Prices are highly competitive so buyers can easily switch to other brands without any loss. The cost of switching is particularly low for products that are standardized and offer little differentiating features. Around 94% of the customers have a choice of at least three supermarkets at their disposal within a time frame of 15 minutes. Suppliers in this sector have fairly weak bargaining power due to strong brand presence of supermarkets. Suppliers fear the risk of losing their contracts with the large supermarkets, including Morrisons. Therefore, it is an easy task for such retailers to lock in suppliers at low costs. Furthermore, the industry is fragmented and retailers find themselves doing the role of middlemen and manage to rack up huge profits. Stores in convenience market may be substitutes; however, ever since t he retail stores have diversified into the convenience sector this threat is decreasing. There has been growing protest towards the use of hormonal or genetically modified products over the last few years. It is estimated that the market for organic foods in U.K is worth  £2 billion and is expected to grow in coming years. Hence, convenience stores as well as shops selling organic food may be potential substitutes but this risk is mitigated when large supermarkets buy these out. Morrisons, however, does not have any plan in expanding into this sector. Food experts such as butchers may also be substitutes; however, due to the ease of shopping and greater variety of grocery sector, this threat too is diminishing (Don Edwards & Associates Ltd., 2007). Overall, the threat of substitutes is fairly large for non-food offerings and fairly low for food offerings. 4. Competitive Rivalry Competition remains intense with the top 3 players including Asda, Tesco and Sainsbury’s. Me-too strategies have been widely adopted, such as that of Asda’s low price range strategy ( (Don Edwards & Associates Ltd., 2007). There is evidence of price wars between the top 4 players. Rivalry in the U.K supermarkets industry remains high although the industry itself is not growing. The U.K supermarkets industry is at the maturity stage of its lifecycle, growing at a rate far less than that of GDP and aggregate spending (Lancaster & Massingham, 2011). Fixed costs of this industry are high which can be potential barriers to entry of new firms (Lancaster & Massingham, 2011). Barriers to entry are potentially high with small retailers unable to compete. , unlike its three larger rivals Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury's, Morrison’s does not have an internet home shopping business (Zentes et al., 2007). This could put the company on the backburner as e-commerce is an ever-growing business as it gives greater convenience to customers along with a potential to tap international mar kets. Also it does not have a loyalty card scheme such as Club card which Tesco has uses to track consumer trends and offer lapsing customers discounts (Thompson & Martin, 2010). Loyalty cards keep the regular customers coming back in that they use it to trace customer’s demographic profile which can go a long way in targeting the right products in advertising. Furthermore, by offering discounts the company has the opportunity to induce repeat purchases from its customers. Furthermore, unlike Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury's, Morrison’s does not have a meaningful non-food offer (Thompson & Martin, 2010) . The company does not have enough diversification at present. Greater variety of products (non-food

Quantitative Data Analysis- SPSS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Data Analysis- SPSS - Essay Example Ethnicity has its impacts felt in many aspects. In education, ones ethnic group determines a lot whether the individual will have a future or not. In some ethnic groups, education is relegated to a far position when one rates other things (Zeichner, K., & Schulte, A. 2001 p. 251). Education in such cases is viewed as being not important at all. According to Flores, G et al. (1999), despite its importance as a hinge to all and every aspect in life, it is viewed by some ethnicities as passage which is not a must for one to undergo. In some African societies for example, education is a thing un-heard of and parents don’t consider taking their children to school. According to Skaggs, M. C. (2001), some ethnic communities have the will to have their children in school, however, the aspect of little finances which they get hinder them (p. 41). Skaggs argues that, if all ethnic communities in diverse countries are given equal opportunities to that accorded their peers from other ethnic communities, then the probability that, they will also attain some grades in very high. To him, lack of proper representation in education institutions of middle and higher learning is not because of their liking but because of the situations they find them selves in (p. 48). The marital status of a parent is another aspect which leads to low education levels. The institution of marriage is one of the conducive environments where education can thrive well. To Stephens, J. (1999), minorities in the US and other developed countries suffer a lot since most of their parents are single parents and lack the will to educate their children (p. 31). To Stephens, a single parent faces the problem of educating since he/she is the sole breadwinner and with the cost of education soaring high, the possibility of educating is dim (p. 33). To Su, Z. (1996), the level of one’s education determines what he/she will earn after the completion of education. According to him,

The Talented Tenth, by William Edward Burghardt [W.E.B.] DuBois, 1903 Essay

The Talented Tenth, by William Edward Burghardt [W.E.B.] DuBois, 1903 - Essay Example Furthermore, the viewpoint would most likely be somewhat anti-American – this is because he renounced his American citizenship towards the end of his life, and he also was decidedly anti-capitalist, becoming a member of the American Communist party while he still lived in America. All of this would point at a man who was not comfortable in his birth country, not comfortable with the economic circumstances of the country, not comfortable with the economic basis of the country's financial system, and not comfortable with whites, in general. Yet, he was also a person who was passionate about helping blacks become the best that they can be and passionate about assuring that blacks were economically, politically, and civilly on par with the whites in America.1 Discussion The document titled â€Å"The Talented Tenth,† which is the topic of this essay, is a primary source. While the book that features this particular writing, titled W.E.B. Du Bois Writings (1986), is a seconda ry source because the book itself was compiled by somebody other than W.E.B. DuBois. The article itself is primary because it was written by W.E.B. DuBois himself. If somebody had written about the ideas of W.E.B. DuBois, then this would be a secondary source. The actual writing is primary. The gist of the article is that the black race must be saved by ten percent of the black population, that is, the most talented among the population, and they must be developed so that they could become the best and lead the worst away from â€Å"contamination and death.†2 The problems and solutions of the article are complex. One of the problems is that there must be strict training for the talented tenth, and the object of training these men must be something other than economic or technical training.3 DuBois states that training these men only in economic or technical skills would be reductive and would not result in these individuals becoming men: â€Å"If we make money the object of man-training, we shall develop money-makers but not necessarily men; if we make technical skill the object of education, we may possess artisans but not, in nature, men.†4 The solution to this is that the men would attain higher education that would provide them a well-rounded education – education that would not only increase their intelligence but also their sympathy and their knowledge of the world. DuBois also wrote that prejudice, in general, is a problem. That the whites in America believe that the blacks who are talented and intelligent, who are leading the black race, are the exceptions. As a rule, according to the white race, the blacks are purveyors of â€Å"death, disease and crime.†5 The solution that DuBois proposes is that the best and most capable of the black youth would be schooled at the best colleges and universities. DuBois acknowledges that society has the potential to be â€Å"pulled down† by the worst elements of the black race, whic h would fulfill the white's view that the blacks are ruled by those who are the transmitters of crime, disease and death, but his solution is that the blacks must be lifted up through the talented few who will be trained at these colleges and universities. Judging from the biography of W.E.B. DuBois, the assumptions were mostly borne out through

Enviromental Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enviromental Science - Essay Example Biodiversity on the other hand is the variation of life forms and species within a given ecosystem (Spicer, 2009) If the need for biodiversity is not met there will be imbalance on the environment. The extraction of minerals has negative impacts on the environment in that it destroys the natural beauty of the environment. Extraction of minerals leaves behind large pits that act as water collection points which turn out to be breeding grounds for disease causing organisms according to Spicer (2009). Also during mining there is a lot of pollution from dust and bad smell. Energy resources may pollute the environment like it was the case in oil mining by the BP Company. Meat production involves rearing of animals and subsequent slaughter. The waste products from the animals if not dumped correctly leads to pollution of the environment. The slaughter houses produce an awful smell that is not friendly to the environment. Recycling of materials greatly contributes to environmental conservation. Also the by products of some of the companies can act as inputs to other companies for example the sugar companies and the molasses companies. During the semester I have gained a lot in regard to environmental conservation and the measures necessary to eradicate environmental pollution. One can engage in planting of trees, environmental conservation advocacy and educating the public on the need for environmental

The Automobile in America (American History) Research Paper

The Automobile in America (American History) - Research Paper Example Cars had been invented many decades earlier, but its high cost limited access to the majority of Americans. The Ford Company in the 1920’s changed the industry forever. The company’s superior mass production techniques allowed Ford to lower the cost of producing an automobile dramatically. The Ford Model T was the car model that became a mainstream in the 1920’s when the price of the auto was reduced to $310, nearly $500 cheaper than a decade earlier (Kenney, 2001). The company had the best selling product in America which was a critical success factor that gave Ford a competitive advantage. The Ford Company valued the effort of its workers. The company created thousands of good paying jobs which helped the American economy. By the end of the 1920’s Ford had manufactured and distributed 15 million Ford T vehicles across America (Virgina). The proliferation of the automobile accelerated the speed of growth of the American economy due to the fact that the ab ility to commute freely increased commercial activity and the amount of work opportunities for

History of District Nursing in Australia Essay Example for Free

History of District Nursing in Australia Essay District nurses are those senior nurses who are involved in managing care in a community by leading teams of both support workers and community nurses. This particular paper talks about the history of district nursing since its emergence in England over one hundred and fifty years ago. It then discusses the progress of district nursing in other countries, in this case, Australia. Nursing can be defined as a science and an art with an exceptional body of knowledge drawing from behavioral, physical, and social sciences (Funnel et al, 2005, p. ). It is a profession that is unique in its own way because it addresses families and individuals responses to health problems, health maintenance, as well as health promotion. Over one hundred years ago, nursing was defined by Florence Nightingale as the act of making use of a patient’s environment in a bid to helping that particular patient recover. To facilitate for quick recovery, she considered a clean, quiet, and well ventilated environment as very essential. Nursing helps in facilitation of prescribed therapy, assists patients to be independent of assistance, and also help the patients to function to their maximum potential as soon as possible. Various themes have been associated with the definition of nursing. Some describe nursing as an art, as a science, that nursing is about caring, it is holistic, that it is client oriented, adaptive, and that nursing is generally a helping profession. The historical accounts of the profession clearly bring out the revolving nature of nursing. The word nurse was derived from a Latin word which means to cherish or nourish. In a human being’s life, birth, death, sickness, and injury are all very common. There has therefore always been that need to take care of others, especially those in need. Funnel et al state that some of the earliest and most organized nursing carried out by men who worked in hospitals which were established by military religious orders at the period the crusades. Some examples included the knights of St. Lazarus, and the Knights of St.  John of Jerusalem. Henry VIII, during the sixteenth century, commanded the closure of English monasteries and the confiscation of their wealth as well. What this meant was that all the sick and destitute people had no where to stay and were hence left to die. This then saw the construction of work houses which were used to house the poor and especially the sick. Here they lived in very bad conditions and were at the same time required to work in order to earn th eir continued stay there. Conditions in London got to a very desperate state, and after many petitions from the citizens, Henry VIII had no option but to allow for the re-founding of some hospitals like St Mary’s, St Thomas’s, as well as St Bartholomew’s. These hospitals despite their reopening were very poorly staffed and were characterized by untrained workers whose characters were very poor. Patients who were admitted in these hospitals lived under appalling conditions in overcrowded wards Funnel et al add that the early 18th and mid 19th century came to be termed as nursing â€Å"Dark Ages† of nursing. It was an age where caring of the sick and nurses’ status reached to the lowest levels ever imaginable (5). A clergyman named Theodor Fliedner in 1836 founded the institution Kaiserwerth where they trained specially chosen women as deaconesses. The institution was then to be famous for its high standards and levels of training as well as the care given to the sick. The institution then grew very famous and finally became the centre for training nurses and as a result received very many trainees, and from all parts of the world. Some of these trainees later opened up centers in their respective countries. Modern nursing has hence evolved as a result of the influence Kaiserwerth had on individuals like Florence Nightingle. She had spent two weeks at Kaiserwerth in 1850 and later visited the institution again in 1851 and was named Superintendent for Establishment for Gentlewomen during Illness. She became famous when she took with her a team of thirty nurses to Scutari where they were met with a lot of resistance from medics who refused them to take care of the sick and injured soldiers. She however did not give up and devoted her time and energy to improving bad conditions in the camps through the introduction of communal as well as personal hygiene, organization of excellent food supply, getting hold of medical supplies, and basic sanitary conditions like washing of hands and also the importance of fresh air. In a span of two to three weeks, the opposition she had earlier faced was no more and the nurses were then called back to come and take care of the sick. Florence Nightingle was viewed as an idol by the soldiers because she brought hope and comfort to the sick just by the light of the lamp she used t carry at night, hence she was later came to be known as the Lady of the Lamp. In the case of Australia, very little interest was paid for the care of the sick when the original English colony was established at Sydney Cove. In 1811, Sydney hospital was opened and the staff included of female convicts with some male convicts also carrying out nursing duties. They were however received no wages for the labor they offered although they received their keep. The nurses’ behavior here was wanting and they were known to be of poor character with them being drunk in most cases while on duty. In 1811, Australia opened its first lunatic asylum and it was characterized by untrained mental attendants. As a way of control, huge numbers of disturbed individuals were literally restrained because most of the staff were custodians and there was no emphasis whatsoever on treatment (Funnel et al, 2005, p. 5). In 1838, the first group of trained nurses arrived in Sydney. They were five in number. The influence of Nightingale was experienced in 1868. The principles of Nightingale were gradually adapted and the physically ill could now be cared for. Nurses were not left behind either. Practical skills were taught to them such as those of leeching, dressing, as well as administering enemas. Emphasis was however put on their punctuality, sexual purity, cleanliness, and most importantly obedience. A huge percentage of nursing comprised of housekeeping, and was dominated by house hold work. It was however acknowledged that compassion and also dignity were characteristics that were desirable for all those who took care of the sick. The necessity for nurses training in Australia grew as scientific advances continued to be made. By the year 1900, most of the Australian hospitals had a three year training program for student nurses where lectures were delivered by the medical staff. The students could not however maintain their concentration in class as a result of long hours of work. IN the wake of the twentieth century, conflict would arise whether nursing should be viewed as a vocation, subordinate to medicine, or as a profession which is different but of equal status with medicine. (Funnel et al, 2005, p. 6) add that in the year 1867, an Act of Parliament was passed which stated that all individuals displaying signs of mental impairments should be sent to mental asylums and not prisons. As a result, the developmentally disabled were then able to be separated from the mentally ill. Nursing in these mental asylums was delivered mostly by male attendants, and even though care remained and continued to be custodial, the medical staff was able to offer some lectures to these attendants. This is the period in which female attendants begun receiving serious considerations. As the increase in training of nurses continued to increase, so was the agitation for nurses’ registration. In 1920, South Australia was the first of the states to pass the relevant legislation followed by Western Australia in 1922 and Victoria and New South Wales in 1924. Industrial issues emerged as the sense of professionalism emerged among nurses. In 1924, the Australian Nursing Federation was able to hold its first meeting and the meting addressed several issues including the improved working conditions, improved wages, and the need for greater professional acknowledgment. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (1986), home nursing in Australia started in 1885 when a group of concerned nationals came together in Victoria and founded the Melbourne District Nursing Service. The main objective of the group was to look after the underprivileged sick people at home. Since then, nursing services have been seen to spread to every territory and state. Today, there are more than two hundred institutions using modern technology to take care of the sick and at the same time offer both general and specialized nursing services to the citizens of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics states that the link with district nurses from England is apparent in the growth of nursing institutes in Australia. In England, nurses begun to be trained for work districts in 1848. One, Mr. William Rathborne, in 1859, saw the need to provide a nurse who was meant to work amongst the poor in Liverpool. He later founded a training school for district nurses using his own personal finances. These nurses were not only seen as caring but also as social reformers due to their knowledge and also direct contact they established with those they cared for. During Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Year in 1887, some of the funds collected for her gift were given by the queen for the setting up of Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Institute of Nurses. Throughout England for many years, the establishment facilitated both the employment and training of district nurses. A considerable number of district nurses also came to undertake this particular training program. The relevant information regarding district nursing services was brought to Australia by Dr. Caffyn and Rev. C. Strong who were from England. They were both very instrumental when it came to setting up the first home nursing in Australia which was known as the Melbourne District Nursing Society (204). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the first State to introduce a district nursing service in Australia was that of Victoria in 1885. It was then followed by South Australia in the year 1894, then came Tasmania in 1896, New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia in 1900, 1904, and 1905 respectively. One notable nursing service was the Blue Nursing Service. According to the history of Blue care, Blue care started off being known as the Blue Nursing Services. The service came to be through the vision and urgings of Rev. Arthur Preston, who was the founder. There was a great shortage of hospital beds in Australia and the nursing bodies that were in existence then were not able to cope with the demands of an ever growing population. This was the reason the founders saw the need to establish a new home nursing service to cater for this rising need. In 1977, together with the Methodist and Presbyterian churches, Blue Nursing was seen as a uniting factor in Australia. It is evident from the history of district nursing that the establishment of all nursing organizations was triggered by identified health care needs present in the society. At fist, focus was mainly at the poor, disadvantaged, and the sick. Services were however later made accessible to everyone in society. This was attributed to the government started issuing subsidies to most of these organizations. Nursing institutions today operate in very different structures and also under different support like voluntary bodies, local government, and hospitals. At the same time, nurses working in these organizations share one common goal and commitment: that of providing quality care in the society. There has been new demand on those nurses working in the society caused by the increased development of both technological and medical services. This has its results as people are now being discharged from hospitals earlier and also at a more accurate stage of sickness. Nurses have been forced to further and upgrade their current education so that they can keep up with helping and providing quality care to the community. For Australia, district nursing is a record of success. Realizing their extended roles as nurses which are based on their expertise, experience, as well as knowledge is crucial if at all effectiveness is to be maintained in delivery of their services.

Perceived risk & gambling Essay Example for Free

Perceived risk gambling Essay As of 2008, there were more than 2,000 internet gambling sites worldwide; with combined revenue of these websites being estimated to be north of $18 billion (Overview of Gambling Regulations, 2008). Due to its obscene rate of growth, potential harm to its consumers and growing ease of accessibility, internet gambling is viewed by many as a major cause for concern. Don’t expect the apprehension towards online gambling to ease up any time soon. Casinos, of both the online and brick-and-mortar variety are expected to aggressively increase their marketing budget over the next half decade. With online gambling recently legalized in Nevada, and many states preparing to follow suit, Simon Holliday, director at H2 Gambling Capital predicts that nearly $4 billion could be spent by the internet gaming sector over the next five years (Jackpot! , 2012). The Gambling Act of 2005 was introduced to modernize gambling regulations. The act brought increased marketing freedom for gambling companies, but only along with responsibility regarding the advocacy of the potential dangers of addiction. It also required the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy and the anticipated goal was to introduce, acknowledge and bring to light to substantial harm which can stem from problematic gambling. According to the Gambling Act of 2005, in order for a company to obtain their license and legally operate in the marketplace they had to ensure that: i. Gambling is conducted in a fair and open way; ii. Children and other vulnerable people are protected from being harmed or exploited by gambling; and iii. Assistance is made available to people who are, or may be, affected by problems related to gambling. (GamCare: gambling research, education treatment) With the changing landscape in the industry, it is fair to question whether these regulations are still relevant, and more even importantly, whether companies are still operating within the bounds of the Gambling Act of 2005. Technological advances have led to online websites readily available around the clock, potentially made gambling available to minors (via online casinos, online sports betting) and lost control of potential hazards concerning online users, those being: sobriety (users drunk/high while on a online gaming site); awareness (many ads online promoting gambling, very few raising awareness); and whom is using the sites (minors, youth, seniors, or problematic/addictive users). All of this unsurprisingly raises concerns regarding whether the current regulations are equipped to handle both current and future gambling disputes. Gambling consumption has no doubt increased over the past decade, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future as regulations are expected to loosen while the marketing budget of online casinos are expected to abruptly expand (Jackpot! , 2012). The bulk of the marketing expenditures will be geared towards youth via interactive media sources; interactive online ad-agencies figure to be the main beneficiary. Though casinos will continue marketing to those who frequent physically existing casinos (a crowd mainly over 50) via television, magazine and billboard advertisements, the majority of the expanded marketing budget figures to be aimed at online users – the vast majority of which are in their 20’s (Jackpot, 2012). There seems to be an array of ethical concerns tied into all of this – whether children and â€Å"other vulnerable people† are still protected from potential harm, how readily available is assistance to those who are affected and is it being outweighed by the onslaught on pro-gambling marketing, concerns regarding online gambling (sobriety, minors, problem identification), and ultimately whether the advocacy is still a priority. A widespread fact in the gambling industry is that 20% of the gambling population accounts for 80% of the gambling industry’s revenue (Galanda, 2007), essentially implying that when evaluating the entire gambling population, 20% are pouring a considerable amount of money into the industry and could potentially be labelled as problematic gamblers. With casinos paying more money and attention to marketing, and marketing research, they are able to identify the age, demographics, frequency and income of their market. Via frequent gambler cards, visas and other channels (surveys for points/credits, casino identification/reloadable slot cards), casinos are able to pick and choose who they zero their marketing efforts in on, whether that be seniors, twenty-somethings or potentially the 20% we earlier identified as problematic gamblers. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was incorporated into the Gambling Act (2005) as a means of regulatory control and functions as a built-in, self-regulating instrument intended to designate ethical standards to which companies must adhere to. Gambling companies possessing information about their customers, and using this information to formulate a marketing strategy and plan, raises ethical concerns and seeds the question of whether this type of behaviour corresponds to the regulations and ethical policies within CSR. Three main differences between gambling now and nearly a decade ago when the Gambling Act was introduced are: (1) distribution channels have increased accessibility to gambling and exposure to gambling promotion; (2) the technological innovation developed by online casinos is tremendously exceeding government control efforts; and (3) gambling has simply become an international phenomenon – the gambling population is aggressively expanding (Social Marketing Problem Gambling, 2011). Though the effects and consequences of problem gambling are more extreme and common than ever, the reasons described above explain why it is so difficult for government to control the issue, and moreover why the trend is currently liberalizing ideologies rather than attacking the corporations and addressing the underlying issues.

Frequency modulation the amplitude

Frequency modulation the amplitude INTRODUCTION In frequency modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the frequency is modulated by the amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulation index for fm is m = maximum frequency deviation/modulating frequency. FM signal can be represented as:- v = ac sin(wct + m sin wmt ) ABSTRACT Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant. The information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) changes the instantaneous frequency of the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise process and provides a high quality modulation technique which is used for music and speech in hi-fidelity broadcasts. In addition to hi-fidelity radio transmission, FM techniques are used for other important consumer applications such as audio synthesis and recording the luminance portion of a video signal with less distortion. There are several devices that are capable of generating FM signals, such as a VCO or a reactance modulator. Frequency Modulation is abbreviated FM. Definitions An important concept in the understanding of FM is that of frequency deviation. The amount of frequency deviation a signal experiences is a measure of the change in transmitter output frequency from the rest frequency of the transmitter. The rest frequency of a transmitter is defined as the output frequency with no modulating signal applied. For a transmitter with linear modulation characteristics, the frequency deviation of the carrier is directly proportional to the amplitude of the applied modulating signal. Mathematical Analysis of FM As was done with AM, a mathematical analysis of a high-frequency sine wave, modulated by a single tone or frequency, will be used to yield information about the frequency components in an FM wave, FM power relations, and the bandwidth of an FM signal. From the definition of frequency deviation, an equation can be written for the signal frequency of an FM wave as a function of time: fsignal = fC + kf eM(t) = fC + kf EM sin?Mt And substitution of d = kf EM yields: fsignal = fC + d sin?Mt But what does this equation indicate? It seems to be saying that the frequency of the transmitter is varying with time. This brings up the same type of problem that was observed when we looked at a time display of AM and then performed a mathematical analysis in an attempt to determine its frequency content. With AM, the signal appeared to be a sine wave thats amplitude was changing with time. At the time, it was pointed out that a sine wave, by definition, has a constant peak amplitude, and thus cannot have a peak amplitude that varies with time. What about the sine waves frequency? It also must be a constant and cannot be varying with time. As was the case with AM, where it turned out that our modulated wave was actually the vector sum of three sine waves, a similar situation is true for FM. An FM wave will consist of three or more frequency components vectorially added together to give the appearance of a sine wave thats frequency is varying with time when displayed in the time domain. A somewhat complex mathematical analysis will yield an equation for the instantaneous voltage of an FM wave of the form shown here: eFM(t) = EC sin(?Ct + mf sin?Mt) where EC is the rest-frequency peak amplitude, ?C and ?M represent the rest and modulating frequencies, and mf is the index of modulation. This equation represents a single low-frequency sine wave, fM, frequency modulating another high-frequency sine wave, fC. Note that this equation indicates that the argument of the sine wave is itself a sine wave. The Index of Modulation The index of modulation, mf, is given by the following relationship: A few more comments about the index of modulation, mf, are appropriate. As can be seen from the equation, mf is equal to the peak deviation caused when the signal is modulated by the frequency of the modulating signal; therefore, mf is a function of both the modulating signal amplitude and frequency. Furthermore, mf can take on any value from 0 to infinity. Its range is not limited as it is for AM. FM Power Relations Recall that for an FM wave the amplitude of the signal, and hence the power, remains constant. This means that the power in the individual frequency components of the wave must add up to the transmitter output power. Furthermore, if the modulation index changes, the total power must redistribute itself over the resulting frequency components. If there is no modulation, then mf = 0 and J0 = 1.0. Mathematically, this can be shown by the following: Prest freq = J0 power 2 Ptrans or Prest freq = Ptrans for mf = 0.0. To determine the power for any individual frequency component, we can use the following relation: Pn = Jn 2(mf) Ptrans 4.11 Furthermore, the total signal power will be given by: Ptotal = (J0power2 + 2J1power2 + 2J2power2 + 2J3power2 + ) Ptrans. The Effect of Noise on FM Recall AM and the effect of noise on it. Random electrical variations added to the AM signal altered the original modulation of the signal. For FM, noise still adds to the signal, but because the information resides in frequency changes instead of amplitude changes, the noise tends to have less of an effect. Expanding upon this idea a bit, one notes that the random electrical variations encountered by the FM signal will indeed cause distortion by jittering the frequency of the FM signal. However, the change in frequency modulation caused by the jittering usually turns out to be less than the change in the amplitude modulation caused by the same relative amplitude noise variations on an AM signal. Also unlike AM, the effect of the frequency jittering becomes progressively worse as the modulating frequency increases. In other words, the effect of noise increases with modulation frequency. Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis To compensate for this last effect, FM communication systems have incorporated a noise-combating system of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis FM Generation Techniques FM signals can be generated using either direct or indirect frequency modulation. Direct FM modulation can be achieved by directly feeding the message into the input of a VCO. For indirect FM modulation, the message signal is integrated to generate a phase modulated signal. This is used to modulate a crystal controlled oscillator, and the result is passed through a frequency multiplier to give an FM signal DIRECT FM GENERATION The simplest method for generating FM directly is to vary the frequency of an oscillator. A capacitance microphone or a varactor diode may be used as part of the oscillators frequency determining network. The capacitor microphones capacitance varies in response to the intensity of the sound waves striking it, making the oscillators frequency vary as the amplitude of the sound varies. The varactor diodes capacitance depends on the voltage across it. Audio signals placed across the diode cause its capacitance to change, which in turn, causes the frequency of the oscillator to vary. INDIRECT FM GENERATION While it is not possible to vary the frequency of a crystal oscillator directly, it is possible to vary its phase. The resulting PM signal can be used to create FM. This is the basis of the Armstrong modulator.The mathematics required to analyze the Armstrong modulator completely are complex, so we will discuss only the basic circuit operation. An audio signal is passed through a preemphasis network and then an integrator, a special network whose output is the time integral of the input signal.. In this way an FM signal is generated.The Armstrong modulator cannot produce much deviation, so combination of multipliers and mixers are used to raise the carrier frequency and the deviation. The multipliers are used to multiply the carrier and the deviation. The mixers are used to decrease the carrier, while keeping the deviation constant so that additional multiplier stages can be used to obtain more deviation. FM Performance FM Spectrum A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal. Its like the display on the graphic-equalizer in your stereo which has leds showing the relative amounts of bass, midrange and treble. These correspond directly to increasing frequencies (treble being the high frequency components). It is a well-know fact of mathematics, that any function (signal) can be decomposed into purely sinusoidal components (with a few pathological exceptions) . In technical terms, the sines and cosines form a complete set of functions, also known as a basis in the infinite-dimensional vector space of real-valued functions (gag reflex). Given that any signal can be thought to be made up of sinusoidal signals, the spectrum then represents the recipe card of how to make the signal from sinusoids. Like: 1 part of 50 Hz and 2 parts of 200 Hz. Pure sinusoids have the simplest spectrum of all, just one component: In this example, the carrier has 8 Hz and so the spectrum has a single component with value 1.0 at 8 Hz . The FM spectrum is considerably more complicated. The spectrum of a simple FM signal looks like: The carrier is now 65 Hz, the modulating signal is a pure 5 Hz tone, and the modulation index is 2. What we see are multiple side-bands (spikes at other than the carrier frequency) separated by the modulating frequency, 5 Hz. There are roughly 3 side-bands on either side of the carrier. The shape of the spectrum may be explained using a simple heterodyne argument: when you mix the three frequencies (fc, fm and Df) together you get the sum and difference frequencies. The largest combination is fc + fm + Df, and the smallest is fc fm Df. Since Df = b fm, the frequency varies (b + 1) fm above and below the carrier. A more realistic example is to use an audio spectrum to provide the modulation: In this example, the information signal varies between 1 and 11 Hz. The carrier is at 65 Hz and the modulation index is 2. The individual side-band spikes are replaced by a more-or-less continuous spectrum. However, the extent of the side-bands is limited (approximately) to (b + 1) fm above and below. Here, that would be 33 Hz above and below, making the bandwidth about 66 Hz. We see the side-bands extend from 35 to 90 Hz, so out observed bandwidth is 65 Hz. You may have wondered why we ignored the smooth humps at the extreme ends of the spectrum. The truth is that they are in fact a by-product of frequency modulation (there is no random noise in this example). However, they may be safely ignored because they are have only a minute fraction of the total power. In practice, the random noise would obscure them anyway. Frequency Response Frequency response is a specification used in amplifiers, pre-amplifiers, CD players, tape decks and other audio components to measure how uniformly it reproduces sounds from the lowest tones to the highest. An amplifier or other component should preserve the loudness relationship between various instruments and voices and should not over or under-emphasize any frequency or tone. This is known as flat frequency response. Bandwidth As we have already shown, the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted using: BW = 2 (b + 1 ) fm where b is the modulation index and fm is the maximum modulating frequency used. FM radio has a significantly larger bandwidth than AM radio, but the FM radio band is also larger. The combination keeps the number of available channels about the same. The bandwidth of an FM signal has a more complicated dependency than in the AM case (recall, the bandwidth of AM signals depend only on the maximum modulation frequency). In FM, both the modulation index and the modulating frequency affect the bandwidth. As the information is made stronger, the bandwidth also grows. Applications of frequency modulation: Broadcasting: FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech . Normal (analog) TV sound is also broadcast using FM. A narrow band form is used for voice communications in commercial and amateur radio settings. The type of FM used in broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm (N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth. In addition, it is used to send signals into space. Sound: FM is also used at audio frequencies to synthesize sound. This technique, known as FM synthesis, was popularized by early digital synthesizers and became a standard feature for several generations of personal computer sound cards. Radio: An example of frequency modulation. This diagram shows the modulating, or message, signal, xm(t), superimposed on the carrier wave, xc(t) The modulated signal, y(t), produced from frequency-modulating xc(t) with xm(t). A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation called radio FM. As , wideband FM (W-FM) requires a wider signal bandwidth than amplitude modulation by an equivalent modulating signal, but this also makes the signal more robust against noise and interference. Frequency modulation is also more robust against simple signal amplitude fading phenomena. As a result, FM was chosen as the modulation standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission: hence the term FM radio (although for many years the BBC called it VHF radio, because commercial FM broadcasting uses a well-known part of the VHF band; in certain countries, expressions referencing the more familiar wavelength notion are still used in place of the more abstract modulation technique name).A high-efficiency radio-frequency switching amplifier can be used to transmit FM signals (and other constant-amplitude signals). For a given signal strength (measured at the receiver antenna), switching amplifiers use less battery power and typically cost less than a linear amplifier. This gives FM another advantage over other modulation schemes that require linear amplifiers, such as AM and QAM. REFRENCES; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation http://www.tech-faq.com/frequency-modulation.shtml http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/FM.htm http://www.answers.com/topic/frequency-modulation

Abortion Should Not be Permitted Essay -- Argumentative Essay, Pro-life

â€Å"More than 95 per cent of all abortions are performed purely for convenience†¦ 20 per cent are for genetic reason, and the other 75 per cent are purely elective† (Deem 2). Many people hear debates about abortion and ignore it, thinking that it definitely doesn’t apply to them. Well, it does. Thousands of babies are being killed every day, and people need to take action. If we continue to allow this monstrosity to happen, imagine what could come up in the future. Before we continue, let me define some vital terms (proceed to view powerpoint or note-board; define â€Å"Viability† â€Å"Roe v. Wade† â€Å"D&X†). Since so many babies are being killed needlessly, I strongly believe that the court ruling in Roe v. Wade should be limited and enforced with fines, so that it only protects necessary abortions for women in danger. Every year, almost 150,000 women in the US alone have abortions past the first trimester, meaning that every year, abortion does not just remove so-called â€Å"non-viable† tissues, but murders 150,000 viable babies. This also happens almost everywhere around the world, most prominently in places like China and India where having a son is not just a desire but a need. This problem runs so deep in the arguments of our country and others, that unethical medical procedures, such as D&X, are being ignored. This problem runs so deep that the issue lies in mere definitions- what is the definition of â€Å"viable†? When is a baby technically â€Å"viable†? What is D&X? Where does it say that D&X is unlawful? And if it is, why aren’t people stopping it from happening? And so on. Our founding fathers intended for America to be a country of freedom, a country of the people’s choice. Many proponents of pro-choice promulgate that women should be given... ...ers to your representative, mayor, governor, other city official. The more letters they receive, the more they will listen to our voices. We should make abortion a necessity rather than a convenience by enforcing abortion laws, creating new ones, and creating standard definitions. Thousands of women each year get abortions because they do not believe they can- they don’t believe they can support their child, they don’t believe they can raise them successfully, they don’t think they can be a good parent, they don’t think they can send them off to college, they don’t think they can give their child a good life, some don’t think they have the ability to raise a mentally disabled child- many just don’t think they can. If we can make abortion a necessity rather than a convenience, I believe that we will be able to help future mothers make the right decision.

Customer Service Essay -- Business Management Studies

Customer Service Many business organisations have different definitions of customer service. For example, according to the Chartered Institute of Marketing, â€Å"Customer Service is what your business delivers to achieve customer satisfaction†. Another example is, according to the ACA Group, â€Å"Customer service is the ability of an organisation to constantly and consistently give the customer what they want and need†. All business organisations need to make certain that their customers are satisfied with the service they receive because; customers are the most important part of any successful organisations. Businesses such as, Barclays aim to exceed customer expectation in order to ensure that customers enjoy themselves, leave having enjoyed themselves and return in the coming future. Good customer service makes customers satisfied by fulfilling their needs first. Good customer service requires all staff to place themselves in the position of their customers. All staff should be aware of how they would like to be treated if, they were a customer, and deal their customers, for that reason. All business organisations should complete the A.R.T. of great service, to carry out a good customer service: Approachable- An organisation must create an open and friendly environment that will influence customers to come in with self-assurance so that, their matter can be dealt with. R esponsive- All staff should take responsibility of their action. Customer service should be flexible and provide precise and honest information, at all times. Timely- All customer services provide their services accurately and efficiently to new and existing customers, at all times. The following are the main activities of customer service: Ø Providing information Ø Giving advice Ø Providing assistance Ø Providing credit facilities Ø After-sales service Providing Information The type of information will depend on the product or service. Here are some examples, is the wool jumper flammable; how much is that laptop; when can you deliver the double-sized bed, what after-sales facilities do you provide? Getting the correct answers to these questions depends on the product and service knowledge of the sales staff, i.e. how well they have been trained. Giving Advice Advice is more accurate than information because, it involves more detail, greater specialist knowledge and modified to t... ... For example, to be faithful to the customers 3. Lost customers-For example, to encourage dissatisfied customers to complain 4. Employees- For example, to give staff training, to deal with complaints and problems quickly When receiving a complaint from an unhappy customer, the business must carry out the following: Ø Listen to the customer’s story Ø Ask for invoice/receipt to show date of purchase Ø If customers is angry, report to a manager Ø Examine the product When dealing a complaint from an unhappy customer, the business must carry out the following: Ø Advise customers of their views such as, legal requirements Ø Make an offers to customer such as, refunds or replacements Ø Give a receipt for products Ø Write on credit note any expiry date Many businesses record customer complaints so that, they can review the matter, and to improve its customer service. Details of each complaint can be recorded in several ways. For example, IKEA records all telephone complaints and directs them to the call centre at Stockport. Details of each complaint can be recorded onto the computer. Also, details of each complaint can also be recorded onto the ‘Customer Complaint Form’.

Comapring Sympathy For Characters in O. Henrys Furnished Room and Chek

Sympathy For Characters in O. Henry's Furnished Room and Chekov's Vanka  Ã‚   Two Works Cited   The narrators in both O. Henry's "The Furnished Room" and Anton Chekov's "Vanka" view their protagonists as desperate and helpless in a world of cold realism. With tones rich in sympathy, the narrators in both stories take pity on their characters. Both characters have yet to understand that realistically they have little control of the dismal life they lead; instead, their surroundings have more of an impact on their life. Trapped in a harshly ironic and deceitful world, the characters become pitiable symbols in a world numb to their presence. Transforming the protagonists into symbols that touch on everyday human norms (such as unending faith and one's lodgings), the narrators promote a sense of empathy. While the young man in "The Furnished Room" represents the personified room in which he lodges, Vanka resembles a sad angel in his purity and innocence. For instance, like the worn-down room in which the young man stays, his well-being depends on people and events that pass him by. The room's personified descriptions reflect all of the young man's emotions: the young man is emotionally "chipped and bruised," (41) and "desolat" (41) like the constantly abandoned room. Also, like the room the protagonist remains anonymous, as if he means little compared to his surroundings and his lost love (all of which are given names). Vanka, though also enduring a rough life, instead possesses a beam of hope in his innocence. Kneeling before his faithful letter to his Grandfather (as if to pray), Vanka resembles a sad angel. Inspite of his constant neglect and abuse, Vanka holds steadily to his faith and wishes his Grandfather "all the blessings... ...ness of mankind. The idea of diminshing hope for both characters is the narrator's final sympathy-balming attempt. The manner in which the narrators present human nature--the dark side of a merciless world in which the characters live--as well as the naive and pathetic nature of both characters, render two stories thirsty for empathy. The naivity that both characters have towards the deceit in their surroundings, as well as their lack of control in events which they endure, cause both characters to be helpless in a cruel world. Works Cited Chekov, Anton. "Vanka." Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed. Eds. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979. 46-49. Henry, O. "The Furnished Room." Understanding Fiction. 3rd Edition. Eds. Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979. 39-43.   

Fast Food Essay

College students do not have much time to make their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, fast food is the number one choice that comes to mind. Fast food is quick, taste pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations. When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered. No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with it’s appetizing selections. Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimited fountain drinks. Many facilities have a â€Å"value† or â€Å"dollar† menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could get two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the money left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior.  Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Life in the Trenches Essay

Today, we were once again heavily bombarding the German lines. It was a routine thing nowadays. Some of the more experienced soldiers didn’t even notice the heavy German response bombardments that were every second posing a threat to their lives. As we heard a shell landing, we heard attentively just to make sure it wasn’t coming direct on us and then, the colossal roar burst from the ground. Life here was getting rather monotonous, always the same routine, four days on the frontline then four days behind lines and then the same thing the following week or so. It wasn’t what the papers said up in England, they were written to hide the truth of the massacring that occurred at the battle of the Sommes for one example. Hundreds and thousands of corps lay motionless on the ground. General Haig believed that with heavy bombardments we could break through their lines. He was mistaken. Men were crushed by the machine-gun fire as if dry leaves and they lay there, untouched, rotting away in the muddy earth which emitted an incredibly pungent smell. The mud made it almost impossible to live in these trenches. The water was right up to my knees and there was nothing I could do about it. A lot of my comrades managed to get trench foot which was a disease which made your feet rot due to the fact that they remained submerged for hours if not days. Life was incredibly tough in the trenches, nothing like I had imagined it to be. I thought I’d come back as a war hero but from the English articles we read, it seemed to me as if none of our letters had been dispatched or if they had been intercepted in some way, to not allow our families know the real truth. They are made to believe that all is well and that the heroes that saved the French are close to victory. This was not true. Although General Haig did believe he made some progress today, it was nowhere near what we had hopes. The Germans knew about the attack and had built very effective means to defend themselves. They had built dig outs that were up to 12 metres deep underground. This was to protect from any sort of shell attack that the English and the French had. They also had very effective barbed wire that the English didn’t completely manage to destroy before the 200,000 men were sent over the top on a suicide mission. The weather was also very unpredictable some days it would be boiling hot and we would die of thirst waiting for something remotely interesting to happen and other times, we would fear for our lives when we could hear a shell whistling like a train in a tunnel, at which point, we would sink our head right into the mud and not rise until we heard a relatively near explosion. The dig-outs were a good initiative seeing as it has always been a fact that the best way to absorb shell shock is with earth. We heard that some of the accommodations for officers were rather nice in the dig-outs. They were full complete with a bed, a pump, and sometimes even some different food that they manage to bring along with them and place it in the cupboards. Everyday, there was fear of the new methods that the Germans had developed of attacking us. There was late news that gas attack was in use. Now it was regulation that we had to carry a mask with us at all times otherwise we could be gassed with new inventions such as the mustard gas which apparently burned right through your skin and you suffered a horrible and painful death. We were all worried about this new gas. We didn’t know what it actually smelt like. Apparently, it had a pungent smell hence the name, mustard gas but most of my fellow soldiers feel that they would fall into panic if a gas attack was to take place One of the very few things which I feel is very positive about the whole trench warfare is the comradeship. I had made some pals that would risk their lives if it would mean saving mine. I had never experienced such a feeling until I came to the trenches. It was truly unique. Knowing that you would have to live with these people twenty four hours a day, seven days a week was a way of knowing that somebody would always be there for you. You would seriously bond with someone and would do anything to accomplish the promise you made them. This was particularly moving when one of your closest comrades dies in action and you feel you should have died with him or for him. The danger in the trenches was as dangerous on the front line as to get there. We would be exposed to heavy artillery fire in these measly little trenches that compared to the front line looked as if they were built for dwarves. When our men died, we buried them behind the trenches. It was a petty funeral, no service no nothing, just whoever wanted to attend to dig up a ditch and place his friends in there to rest in piece. It was up to you if you wanted to help seeing as there was always the chance of a stray bullet or a sniper hitting you as you were working. Most were left to rot. After a while, the trenches, with the wet weather deteriorated. There was no more a 4†³ thick bullet-proof parapet to save your life; the walls of the trench had collapsed to make the trench into a mud bath with water which was to reach your knees. During the wet weather it was truly disgusting. Overall life in the trenches is pretty gross and unhygienic although, some officers did get treated rather well and the food that the English were given which was usually bully beef and jam was of a much higher quality than any other front line army. Diseases spread and people suffer of lack of sleep without forgetting the fact that everyone was homesick and wishing to see their families so basically, apart from making good friends and fighting for your country, the trenches must have been a rather appalling experience.

A divine rivalry

As each sweet note floated from the orchestra, Antonio Salieri felt his heart breaking.   The composition was perfect; each note was flawlessly arranged and perfectly layered upon each other.The mastery Amadeus possessed was something, Salieri could not have achieved in a thousand lifetimes. From its title, it would appear that Peter Shaffer’s play Amadeus is about the gifted composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, yet the story is truly that of Antonio Salieri, court composer to the empire of Austria, the most successful young musician in the city of musicians.When Salieri first hears Mozart’s music, it sets him on a different path than the one he intended.   He says, â€Å"I had heard the voice of God-and that it issued from a creature whose own voice I had also heard-and it was the voice of an obscene child.† (19)It is his jealousy of Mozart’s gift and his feelings of mediocrity that lead to both men’s downfall.   A comparison of both characters will illustrate that despite Salieri’s attempt to live a virtuous life; his desire to destroy Mozart in a divine war prevailed over his devotion to God and his music.Comparing several aspects of the two men’s lives, their devotion, careers, the role of women, and the public versus private nature of their actions, and the madness that consumes them both will demonstrate the similarities that existed between the rivals.Both Salieri and Mozart are men of devotion. The     link is their music. Salieri believes that music is â€Å"God’s art† (7) and uses his gift to serve God.   Salieri had promised to lead a chaste life in order to honor God and he feels God betrays him by blessing Mozart with such talent.Throughout his life, he has done his best to remain virtuous and yet in his mind God has shown him that he is mediocre and has bestowed a gift upon a man he feels is morally inferior.In Act I, Scene 12 he declares his war on God, saying â€Å"From thi s time on we are enemies.†   Mozart’s life of devotion was also to music. He shares his feelings on music and the divine with Salieri, â€Å"I bet you that’s how God hears the world.   Millions of sounds ascending at once and mixing in His ear to become an unending music, unimaginable to us.† (57)However, Mozart’s devotion isn’t purely celestial.   He is also extremely devoted to his father.   He served his father’s wishes, even waiting to be married.   It is Salieri who convinces him to ignore them and marries Constanze.   When Leopold dies, Salieri counsels the grieving Mozart who feels as if his lifestyle was a betrayal against his father. Mozart says, â€Å"He watched me for all my life and I betrayed him.† (69)  Salieri seizes this moment, convincing Mozart he has his best interest at hear and telling Mozart he will help him find work while undermining him at every attempt.   Now having won his trust, Salier i convinces him that he should write his vaudeville The Magic Flute based on his association with The Freemasons.Knowing this is Mozart’s’ last tie to society, he realizes how this will ultimately ruin the man.   His shattered faith leads him to such a drastic choice and Mozart is helpless in his plot.Appearance plays a role in both Salieri’s and Mozart’s life. Salieri initially lived less extravagantly, whereas Mozart flaunted his wealth and success often living above his means.   Once Salieri reigns himself to his jealousy, he too becomes consumed in flaunting his wealth denying his taste for â€Å"plain things.†Ã‚   Schaffer comments on Mozart’s appearance throughout the play.Through the stage directions, he tells us Mozart was a small, pallid, large-eyed man in a showy wig and a showy set of clothes.† As Salieri’s story progresses, Mozart’s clothing becomes more and more garish in Salieri’s eye.   As Moza rt’s life slowly unravels, his clothing becomes shabby and less important. Throughout the play Salieri has condemned Mozart for what he will ultimately become.